любому фашизму обязательно присущи установки на воинствующий антикоммунизм; милитаризм (в узком смысле, то есть на восхваление армии и армейских порядков и перенесение их в гражданскую жизнь); воинствующие ксенофобия, расизм, национализм (то есть такие, которые активно направлены против кого-то: иммигрантов в современной Европе, чернокожих в США или ЮАР, индейцев в Гватемале и Чили, тамилов на Шри-Ланке и т.п.); теоретический элитаризм (то есть отрицание принципа всеобщего равенства); обывательский культурный примитивизм (то есть неприятие культуры во всей ее сложности и полноте — и особенно наиболее интеллектуально сложных ее проявлений).
На Западе редко употребляют слово
«фашист», предпочитая более правильный
термин «нацист». (КстатиЮ, русские
нацисты таки есть, от этого никуда не
деться — все эти РНЕ, ДПНИ и прочая
дрянь). Члены НСДАП не были фашистами в
полном смысле слова, фашистами были
гаврики Муссолини. У нас эти понятия с
самого начала путаются, поэтому чётких
дефиниций нет, и «фашистами» ругают все
друг друга — своих политических
противников, часто вне зависимости от
реальных взглядов ругаемых.
Вот и в этом посте всё только
запутывается. То, что тут называется
«фашизмом», в большинстве случаев
никаким фашизмом не является, зато те,
кто тут называютСЯ «антифашистами»,
зачастую как раз придерживаются если не
фашистских (далеко не все они —
приверженцы идеи корпоративного
государства), то вполне нацистских
взглядов. Опять же не все. И это —
следствие путаницы в терминологии,
возникшей аж семь с лишком десятилетий
назад…
Анонимный комментарий к записи про фашизм
А. СЛОВАРНОЕ ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ
From The Collaborative International Dictionary of English v.0.48 [gcide]:
fascism \fasc»ism\ (f[a^]sh»[i^]z’m) n.
1. a political theory advocating an authoritarian hierarchical government; — opposed to {democracy} and {liberalism}. [WordNet 1.5]
2. an authoritarian system of government under absolute control of a single dictator, allowing no political opposition, forcibly suppressing dissent, and rigidly controlling most industrial and economic activities. Such regimes usually try to achieve popularity by a strongly nationalistic appeal, often mixed with racism. [PJC]
3. Specifically, the Fascist movement led by Benito Mussolini in Italy from 1922 to 1943. [PJC]
4. broadly, a tendency toward or support of a strongly authoritarian or dictatorial control of government or other organizations; — often used pejoratively in this sense. [PJC]
Б. ИЗ ЭНЦИКЛОПЕДИИ
fascism. In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved October 9, 2006, from Britannica Online: http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9117286
political ideology and mass movement that dominated many parts of central, southern, and eastern Europe between 1919 and 1945 and that also had adherents in western Europe, the United States, South Africa, Japan, Latin America, and the Middle East. Europe’s first fascist leader, Benito Mussolini, took the name of his party from the Latin word fasces, which referred to a bundle of elm or birch rods (usually containing an ax) used as a symbol of penal authority in ancient Rome. Although fascist parties and movements differed significantly from each other, they had many characteristics in common, including extreme militaristic nationalism, contempt for electoral democracy and political and cultural liberalism, a belief in natural social hierarchy and the rule of elites, and the desire to create a Volksgemeinschaft (German: “people’s community”), in which individual interests would be subordinated to the good of the nation. At the end of World War II, the major European fascist parties were broken up, and in some countries (such as Italy and West Germany) they were officially banned. Beginning in the late 1940s, however, many fascist-oriented parties and movements were founded in Europe as well as in Latin America and South Africa. Although some European “neofascist” groups attracted large followings, especially in Italy and France, none were as influential as the major fascist parties of the interwar period.
Далее очень интересная мысль:
Common characteristics of fascist movements
There has been considerable disagreement among historians and political scientists about the nature of fascism. Some scholars, for example, regard it as a socially radical movement with ideological ties to the Jacobins of the French Revolution, whereas others see it as an extreme form of conservatism inspired by a 19th-century backlash against the ideals of the Enlightenment. Some find fascism deeply irrational, whereas others are impressed with the rationality with which it served the material interests of its supporters. Similarly, some attempt to explain fascist demonologies as the expression of irrationally misdirected anger and frustration, whereas others emphasize the rational ways in which these demonologies were used to perpetuate professional or class advantages. Finally, whereas some consider fascism to be motivated primarily by its aspirations—by a desire for cultural “regeneration” and the creation of a “new man”—others place greater weight on fascism’s “anxieties”—on its fear of communist revolution and even of left-centrist electoral victories.
One reason for these disagreements is that the two historical regimes that are today regarded as paradigmatically fascist—Mussolini’s Italy and Nazi Germany—were different in important respects. In Italy, for example, anti-Semitism was officially rejected before 1934, and it was not until 1938 that Mussolini enacted a series of anti-Semitic measures in order to solidify his new military alliance with Hitler. Another reason is the fascists’ well-known opportunism—i.e., their willingness to make changes in official party positions in order to win elections or consolidate power. Finally, scholars of fascism themselves bring to their studies different political and cultural attitudes, which often have a bearing on the importance they assign to one or another aspect of fascist ideology or practice. Secular liberals, for example, have stressed fascism’s religious roots; Roman Catholic and Protestant scholars have emphasized its secular origins; social conservatives have pointed to its “socialist” and “populist” aspects; and social radicals have noted its defense of “capitalism” and “elitism.”
For these and other reasons, there is no universally accepted definition of fascism. Nevertheless, it is possible to identify a number of general characteristics that fascist movements between 1922 and 1945 tended to have in common.
К этим характеристикам относятся (даю заглавия подразделов): Opposition to Marxism, Opposition to parliamentary democracy, Opposition to political and cultural liberalism, Totalitarian ambitions, Conservative economic programs, Corporatism, Alleged equality of social status, Imperialism, Military values, Volksgemeinschaft, Mass mobilization, The leadership principle, The new man, Glorification of youth, Education as character building, Decadence and spirituality, Violence, Extreme nationalism, Scapegoating, Populism, Revolutionary image, Antiurbanism, Sexism and misogyny.
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